Treatment with insecticide and fungicide on the physiological quality of lentil seeds / Tratamento com inseticida e fungicida na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de lentilha

The low Brazilian productive index and the high demand have aroused interest in the cultivation of lentils, however the legume is little known and needs further studies. The objective of this study was to analyze and identify the effects of treatments with insecticides and fungicides on the physiological quality of lentil seeds, CA-1512 strain. The experiments were conducted in the seed laboratory in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replicates. Seed treatment with Thiophanate-methyl; Fluazinam® (180 ml) + Pyraclostrobin; Thiophanate-methyl; Fipronil® (150 ml) promoted higher levels of germination under accelerated aging, lower number of abnormal seedlings and longer lengths of shoot and radicle for the emergence in paper. Treatment with Carboxin; Thiram® (250 ml) + Imidacloprid® (150 ml) allowed a higher value in the first count of germination in sand, lower number of dead seeds under accelerated aging and longer root length, in the emergence in sand. Shoot length in the emergence in sand increased after seed treatment with Metalaxyl-M; Fludioxonil® (75 ml) + Pyraclostrobin; Thiophanate-methyl; Fipronil® (150 ml). Treatments with fungicides and insecticides considerably improved the physiological properties of the seeds, thus being able to guarantee greater phytosanitary qualities in the field, generating healthier seedlings and with protection against possible pests and diseases, and consequently guaranteeing greater productivity.

O baixo índice produtivo brasileiro e a alta demanda têm despertado o interesse no cultivo da lentilha, porém a leguminosa é pouco conhecida e necessita maiores estudos. Objetivou-se neste trabalho analisar e identificar tratamentos com inseticidas e fungicidas na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de lentilha, linhagem CA-1512. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no laboratório de sementes em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. O tratamento de semente com Tiofanato-metílico; Fluazinam® (180 ml) + Piraclosrobina; Tiofanato-metílico; Fipronil® (150 ml) proporcionou índices mais elevados de germinação no envelhecimento acelerado, menor número de plântulas anormais e maior comprimento de parte aérea e radícula, na emergência em papel. O tratamento com Carboxina; Tiram® (250 ml) + Imidacloprido® (150 ml) possibilitou maior índice na primeira contagem de germinação em areia, menor número de sementes mortas no envelhecimento acelerado e maior comprimento de raiz, na emergência em areia. Já o comprimento da parte aérea, na emergência em areia, aumentou com o tratamento de semente Metalaxil-M; Fludioxonil® (75 ml) + Piraclosrobina; Tiofanato-metílico; Fipronil® (150 ml). Os tratamentos com fungicidas e inseticidas melhoraram consideravelmente as propriedades fisiológicas das sementes, podendo assim, garantir maiores qualidades fitossanitárias à campo, gerando plântulas mais sadias e com proteção para possíveis pragas e doenças, e consequentemente garantindo maiores produtividades.

Hematological and renoprotective effects of folic acid and lentil extract in diclofenac sodium exposed rats / Efeitos hematológicos e renoprotetores do ácido fólico e do extrato de lentilha em ratos expostos ao diclofenaco de sódio

Excessive intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as, diclofenac sodium (DS) may lead to toxicity in the rats. In this work, we aimed to examine the protective impact of lentil extract (LE) and folic acid (FA) on the hematological markers, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal function against diclofenac sodium (DS) in male albino rats. The rats (120-150 g) were divided into four equal groups randomly, the first group kept as the untreated control. The second group was administrated with DS (11.6 mg/kg b.wt. orally once/day). The third group was received DS+FA (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+76.9 microgram/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. The fourth group was treated with DS+LE (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+500 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. After four weeks, the results revealed that DS produced a significant decrease in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBCs). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the platelets count. Also, DS induced a renal deterioration; this was evidenced by the significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, Ca, Mg as well as the nitric oxide (NO) level in the kidney tissue. Also, there were a significant reduction in the serum levels of potassium (K) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney homogenates. Moreover, the findings in the rats treated by DS+LE or DS+FA showed a potential protection on the hematological markers, oxidative stress in the kidney tissue and the renal function disturbed by DS. LE and FA could play a potent role for the prevention the adverse hematological, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal dysfunction caused by DS via their anti-oxidative and bioactive phytochemicals.

A ingestão excessiva de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, como o diclofenaco de sódio (DS), pode causar toxicidade em ratos. Neste trabalho, objetivamos examinar o impacto protetor do extrato de lentilha (LE) e ácido fólico (AF) em marcadores hematológicos, no estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e na função renal contra o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) em ratos albinos machos. Os ratos (120-150 g) foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais aleatoriamente, sendo o primeiro grupo mantido como controle não tratado. O segundo grupo foi administrado com DS (11,6 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O terceiro grupo recebeu DS + FA (76,9 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O quarto grupo foi tratado com DS + LE (500 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). Após quatro semanas, os resultados revelaram que o DS produziu uma diminuição significativa nos valores de glóbulos vermelhos (RBCs), concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (HCT) e glóbulos brancos (WBCs). Por outro lado, houve um aumento significativo na contagem de plaquetas. Além disso, o DS induziu uma deterioração renal; isso foi evidenciado pelo aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, Na, Ca, Mg e também do nível de óxido nítrico no tecido renal. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa nos níveis séricos de potássio (K) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) nos homogenatos renais. Além disso, os achados nos ratos tratados com DS + LE ou DS + FA mostraram uma proteção potencial sobre os marcadores hematológicos, estresse oxidativo no tecido renal e função renal perturbada pelo DS. LE e AF podem desempenhar um papel potente na prevenção do estresse hematológico adverso, do estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e da disfunção renal causada pelo DS por meio de seus fitoquímicos antioxidantes e bioativos.

Hematological and renoprotective effects of folic acid and lentil extract in diclofenac sodium exposed rats / Efeitos hematológicos e renoprotetores do ácido fólico e do extrato de lentilha em ratos expostos ao diclofenaco de sódio

Abstract Excessive intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as, diclofenac sodium (DS) may lead to toxicity in the rats. In this work, we aimed to examine the protective impact of lentil extract (LE) and folic acid (FA) on the hematological markers, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal function against diclofenac sodium (DS) in male albino rats. The rats (120-150 g) were divided into four equal groups randomly, the first group kept as the untreated control. The second group was administrated with DS (11.6 mg/kg b.wt. orally once/day). The third group was received DS+FA (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+76.9 microgram/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. The fourth group was treated with DS+LE (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+500 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. After four weeks, the results revealed that DS produced a significant decrease in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBCs). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the platelets count. Also, DS induced a renal deterioration; this was evidenced by the significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, Ca, Mg as well as the nitric oxide (NO) level in the kidney tissue. Also, there were a significant reduction in the serum levels of potassium (K) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney homogenates. Moreover, the findings in the rats treated by DS+LE or DS+FA showed a potential protection on the hematological markers, oxidative stress in the kidney tissue and the renal function disturbed by DS. LE and FA could play a potent role for the prevention the adverse hematological, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal dysfunction caused by DS via their anti-oxidative and bioactive phytochemicals.

Resumo A ingestão excessiva de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, como o diclofenaco de sódio (DS), pode causar toxicidade em ratos. Neste trabalho, objetivamos examinar o impacto protetor do extrato de lentilha (LE) e ácido fólico (AF) em marcadores hematológicos, no estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e na função renal contra o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) em ratos albinos machos. Os ratos (120-150 g) foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais aleatoriamente, sendo o primeiro grupo mantido como controle não tratado. O segundo grupo foi administrado com DS (11,6 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O terceiro grupo recebeu DS + FA (76,9 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O quarto grupo foi tratado com DS + LE (500 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). Após quatro semanas, os resultados revelaram que o DS produziu uma diminuição significativa nos valores de glóbulos vermelhos (RBCs), concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (HCT) e glóbulos brancos (WBCs). Por outro lado, houve um aumento significativo na contagem de plaquetas. Além disso, o DS induziu uma deterioração renal; isso foi evidenciado pelo aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, Na, Ca, Mg e também do nível de óxido nítrico no tecido renal. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa nos níveis séricos de potássio (K) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) nos homogenatos renais. Além disso, os achados nos ratos tratados com DS + LE ou DS + FA mostraram uma proteção potencial sobre os marcadores hematológicos, estresse oxidativo no tecido renal e função renal perturbada pelo DS. LE e AF podem desempenhar um papel potente na prevenção do estresse hematológico adverso, do estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e da disfunção renal causada pelo DS por meio de seus fitoquímicos antioxidantes e bioativos.

Leguminosas como causa infrecuente de alergia alimentaria en Colombia: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Legumes as an infrequent cause of food allergy in Colombia: report of two cases and review of the literature

La alergia alimentaria se ha venido incrementando a nivel mundial, afectando alrededor del 1,5 % a 2,5 % de los adultos y 6 % de los niños, y tiene un gran impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus cuidadores, debido a las dietas de restricción. Los alérgenos más prevalentes son la leche, el huevo, el trigo, la soja, los frutos secos, el maní, el pescado y los mariscos. Las leguminosas mejor estudiadas son el maní y la soja; otras leguminosas como las lentejas, garbanzos y arvejas representan la quinta causa de alergia alimentaria en el área mediterránea, en Turquía y en la India, siendo menos prevalentes en otras áreas geográficas. La alergia a las leguminosas es una entidad infrecuente en Colombia, se desconoce la prevalencia en el país. Describimos los primeros dos casos de anafilaxia por lentejas reportados en el país. Ambos pacientes menores de 18 años, con reacciones adversas tras la ingesta de leguminosas, en las cuales se demuestra alergia mediada por IgE a las lentejas y además sensibilización en el primer caso a las arvejas y garbanzos, y en el segundo caso a los frijoles. Diferentes datos sobre la prevalencia se han descrito en varias áreas geográficas, siendo mayor en países con dietas mediterráneas. Las reacciones mediadas por IgE suelen aparecer incluso con el alimento altamente cocido, debido a la termo-estabilidad de las proteínas. La reactividad cruzada más frecuente se relaciona con los garbanzos y las arvejas

Food allergy has been increasing worldwide. Affects around 1.5% to 2.5% of adults and 6% of children, and has a great impact on the quality of life of patients and their caregivers, due to restricted diets. The most prevalent allergens are milk, egg, wheat, soy, tree nuts, peanuts, fish and shellfish. The best studied legumes are peanuts and soybeans; other legumes such as lentils, chickpeas and peas represent the fifth cause of food allergy in the Mediterranean area, Turkey and India, being less prevalent in other geographical areas. Allergy to legumes is not common in Colombia, the prevalence in the country is unknown. We describe the first two cases of legumes anaphylaxis reported in the country. Both patients were under 18 years of age, with adverse reactions after ingesting legumes, in which IgE-mediated allergy was demonstrated; in the first case to lentils, peas and chickpeas, and in the second case, to lentils and beans. Different data on prevalence have been described in various geographical areas, being higher in countries with Mediterranean diets. IgE-mediated reactions usually appear even with highly cooked food, due to the thermo-stability of proteins. The most frequent cross-reactivity is related to chickpeas and peas

Effects of different hydration treatments on technological, physical, nutritional, and bioactive parameters of lentils / Efectos de diferentes tratamientos de hidratación sobre los parámetros tecnológicos, físicos, nutricionales y bioactivos de las lentejas

ABSTRACT Regular lentil consumption may improve health and prevent certain chronic diseases. Lentils have high antioxidant activity and contain proteins, essential amino acids, fiber, minerals, and bioactive compounds. However, few studies have investigated the physicochemical characteristics of lentils when subjected to various soaking and cooking methods. We aimed to evaluate the effects of different hydration and cooking practices on the hydration coefficient, cooking time, primary metabolism compounds (lipids, proteins, fibers, carbohydrates), energy value, soluble protein, color and texture characteristics, amino acid and mineral profiles, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and antinutritional factors (phytates and tannins) in lentils. Hydration water was preheated to initial temperatures of 25°C or 90°C. Lentils pre-hydrated with water at 90°C needed less cooking time, obtained greater softness, and had less decreases in amino acids, minerals, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity.

RESUMEN El consumo regular de lentejas puede mejorar la salud y prevenir ciertas enfermedades crónicas. Las lentejas tienen una alta actividad antioxidante y contienen proteínas, aminoácidos esenciales, fibra, minerales y compuestos bioactivos. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han investigado las características fisicoquímicas de las lentejas sometidas a varios métodos de remojo y cocción. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de diferentes procesos de cocción e hidratación sobre el coeficiente de hidratación, el tiempo de cocción, los metabolitos primarios (lípidos, proteínas, fibras, carbohidratos), el valor energético, la proteína soluble, color y textura, los perfiles de aminoácidos y minerales, los compuestos bioactivos, la actividad antioxidante y los factores antinutricionales (fitatos y taninos) en la lenteja. El agua de hidratación se precalentó a temperaturas iniciales de 25°C o 90°C. Las lentejas prehidratadas con agua a 90°C necesitaban menos tiempo de cocción y obtuvieron una mayor suavidad, disminuyendo también la pérdida de aminoácidos, minerales, compuestos bioactivos y actividad antioxidante.

Development of Cookies with Brewer's Yeast and Beans to Improve Skin Health of Lactating Women

The purpose of this research was to provide basic information for cookies made with black soybeans, chick peas, lentils, oatmeal, and brewer's yeast and to establish the optimum formula for the development of low glycemic index (GI) cookies with high biotin content for lactating women. This study was performed to determine the optimal composite recipe of oatmeal cookies with two different concentrations levels of bean powder (black soybeans, chick peas, lentils) and brewer's yeast using a central composite design. In addition, the mixing conditions of oatmeal cookies were optimized using response surface methodology of sensory evaluation and mechanical and physicochemical analysis. As a result, mechanical and physicochemical analyses showed significant values for lightness, redness, yellowness, hardness, and water content (P < 0.05), while sensory evaluation showed significant values for flavor, taste, crispness, and overall acceptability (P < 0.05). The optimal sensory combination was suggested to be 3.73 g of bean powder and 1.59 g of brewer's yeast. Considering all outcomes obtained throughout the experiments, brewer's yeast, black soybeans, chick peas, lentils, and oatmeal are suitable ingredients for increasing functionality and consumer acceptability of cookies. In addition, these results are expected to be useful in producing cookies of optimal quality, contributing to the development of various nutritious foods, and improving the food industry for lactating women.

Roles of quorum sensing molecules from Rhizobium etli RT1 in bacterial motility and biofilm formation

ABSTRACT Strain RT1 was isolated from root nodules of Lens culinaris (a lentil) and characterized as Rhizobium etli (a Gram-negative soil-borne bacterium) by 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The signaling molecules produced by R. etli (RT1) were detected and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The most abundant and biologically active N-acyl homoserine lactone molecules (3-oxo-C8-HSL and 3-OH-C14-HSL) were detected in the ethyl acetate extract of RT1. The biological role of 3-oxo-C8-HSL was evaluated in RT1. Bacterial motility and biofilm formation were affected or modified on increasing concentrations of 3-oxo-C8-HSL. Results confirmed the existence of cell communication in RT1 mediated by 3-oxo-C8-HSL, and positive correlations were found among quorum sensing, motility and biofilm formation in RT1.

Establishment of a purificatory method for alpha-fetoprotein variant by affinity adsorption / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a purificatory method of alpha-fetoprotein variant (AFP-L3) based on microspincolumn with lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>LCA was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation method from lens culinaris. AFP-L3 affinity adsorption microspincolumns which were made from LCA coupled with activated Sepharose 4B were prepared. By adding into the centrifuge column, serum was absorbed and eluted to purify AFP-L3. The results of purified AFP-L3 detection of 10 cases AFP positive sera by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay were compared with traditional crossed affinity immunoelectrophoresis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>8 of 10 cases AFP-L3 concentration were greater than 5 ng/ml in purified sera. Six cases show positive reaction in affinity immune cross electrophoresis experiment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Successfully established purification method of AFP-L3 by affinity absorption based on microspincolumn. The method was more conducive to clinical laboratory applications due to its high sensitive and easy operation.</p>

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of selected legumes from Pakistan: In vitro inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2

Crude methanolic extracts of selected legumes namely, black gram [Vigna mungo L.], green gram [Vigna radiata [L.] R. Wilczek], soybean [Glycine max [L.] Merr.] and lentil [Lens culinaris Medik.] were investigated for anti-inflammatory effects, using COX-2 producing PGE[2] inhibitory assay. Percentage inhibition observed was 73.93, 79.84, 92.17 and 74.47 for black gram, green gram, soybean and lentil respectively at 20microg/ml extract concentration. The l00 micro g/ml concentration showed increase in the percent inhibition except for soybean. This is the first report on COX-2 inhibitory potential of food legumes

Desarrollo y evaluación sensorial de galletitas de jengibre con sustitución parcial de harina de trigo por harina de arroz y lenteja (Gallentinas) / Development and sensory evaluation of gingersnaps with partial substitution of wheat flour for rice and lentil flour (gallentinas)

Introducción: Considerando la importancia de la buena alimentación para la salud, la tendencia de la población de ingerir alimentos prácticos, la oportunidad de incorporar legumbres a los productos panificados como alternativa saludable, y en la búsqueda de una opción novedosa con ingredientes de origen vegetal, que aporten proteínas completas y fibras; surge la propuesta de elaborar galletitas con harina de lenteja y de arroz. Objetivo: Desarrollar y evaluar una galletita dulce simple reemplazando el 50% de harina de trigo por 30% de harina de lenteja y 20% de harina de arroz. Metodología: Se desarrollaron dos variedades de galletitas dulces artesanales: galletitas de jengibre, realizadas con harina de trigo y las Gallentinas, realizadas con la mezcla de harinas. Se calculó la composición química teórica de macronutrientes, fibra y la calidad proteica. Se realizó una prueba sensorial de aceptabilidad para evaluar color, crocantez, sabor y aceptabilidad global a través de escala hedónica de caja de nueve puntos. Participaron 100 evaluadores no entrenados. Se aplicó el Test de Student para muestras relacionadas comparando los resultados de los dos grupos. Resultados: El valor energético, el contenido de hidratos de carbonos y de lípidos de ambas galletitas fueron similares. Las Gallentinas presentaron un 56,95 % más de fibras. El aporte proteico y el PDCAAS de las harinas fueron superiores en las Gallentinas, en 25% y 50% respectivamente. Ambas galletitas tuvieron buena aceptación. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en sabor, crocantez y aceptabilidad global, pero si en el color, siendo las Gallentinas las más aceptadas. Conclusiones: Las Gallentinas son una alternativa de elección más saludable para la población en general y para los vegetarianos en particular.

Folate content and retention in selected raw and processed foods / Contenido de folatos y retención en determinados alimentos crudos y procesados

Adequate intake of folate reduced the risk of abnormalities in early embryonic brain development such as the risk of malformations of the embryonic brain/spinal cord, collectively referred to as neural tube defects (NTDs). Folate is extremely sensitive to destruction by heat, oxidation and UV light. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of different extraction procedures and enzymatic treatment to determine folate concentrations in variety of foods using a microbiological assay (MA) with Lactobacillus rhamnosus as the test organism. This study also aimed to evaluate the retention of folate in foods after using different cooking processes. Nine of the most commonly consumed foods in Argentina and that contain folate were analyzed: broccoli, spinach, potato, lentil, soy (raw and boiled); hen whole egg and yolks (raw, boiled and fried); beef liver (raw and cooked); strawberry (raw) and white bread. For this study, rat plasma (RP) and human plasma (HP) conjugases together with acetate and phosphate buffers were tested. In extraction step for all analyses, RP conjugase was selected since it was easily available in our laboratory and small quantities were required. The acetate buffer was chosen since better growth and more reproducible results were obtained in the different conditions assayed. The results allowed the foods to be grouped into a) rich sources of folate: hen eggs, yolks, spinach, soybean (raw) and strawberry (100 and 350mg/100g fresh weight (FW); b) good sources of folate: broccoli (raw), soybean (boiled), lentils (raw) and potato (56 to 83mg/100g FW) and c) moderate sources of folate: broccoli, lentils (boiled), white breads, onions and beef liver (15 to 30mg/100g FW). The folate retention was in the range 14-99% according to both type of food and method of processing. Contents and losses of folate vary widely according to type of food and cooking method.

La ingesta adecuada de folatos reduce el riesgo de las anormalidades en el desarrollo temprano del cerebro embrionario, tales como el riego de malformaciones en el cerebro/médula espinal, conocidas en conjunto como defectos del tubo neural (NTDs). Los folatos son extremadamente sensibles al tratamiento con calor, la oxidación y la luz UV. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso de diferentes procedimientos de extracción y de tratamientos enzimáticos para determinar el contenido de folato en distintos alimentos empleando un método microbiológico que utiliza el microorganismo Lactobacillus rhamnosus. En este trabajo se evaluó también la retención de folatos en alimentos sometidos a diferentes procesos de cocción. Se analizaron 9 de los alimentos que contienen folatos y más comúnmente consumidos en Argentina: brócoli, espinaca, papa, lente ja, soja (crudos y cocidos): huevo entero de gallina y yema (crudo, hervido y frito). Bife de hígado vacuno (crudo y cocido); frutillas (crudas) y pan: blanco. Se probó para este estudio conjugasas de plasma de rata (PR) y de plasma humano (PH) conjuntamente con buffers fosfato y acetato. En la extracción para todos los análisis se escogió la conjugasa de PR por ser accesible para nuestro laboratorio y por que se utiliza en pequeñas cantidades. El buffer acetato fue elegido debido a que se obtuvo resultados más reproducibles y un mejor crecimiento en las diferentes condiciones ensayadas. Los resultados permitieron agrupar los alimentos en: a) fuente rica de folatos: huevo y su yema, espinaca, soja (cruda) y frutilla (100 a 350mg/100g peso fresco); b) fuente buena de folatos: brócoli (crudo), soja (hervidas), lentejas (cruda) y papa (cruda y hervida) (56 a 83mg/100g peso fresco) y c) fuente moderada de folatos: brócoli y lentejas (hervidos), bife de hígado, pan blanco y cebollas (15 a 30mg/100g peso fresco). La retención de folato estuvo en el rango de 14-99% de acuerdo al tipo de alimento y el método de procesado. El contenido de folato y sus perdidas fueron muy variables dependiendo del alimento y del método de cocción empleados.

Efficient and rapid purification of lentil -galactosidase by affinity precipitation with alginate.

-Galactosidase (-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) was purified (26-fold) from the germinating seeds of lentil (Lens culinaris) by affinity precipitation with alginate. The purified enzyme gave a single band corresponding to molecular mass of 40 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were determined as 40oC and 5.5, respectively. The enzyme was very stable at a temperature range of 4-65oC and at a pH range of 4-7. The values of kinetic constants Km and Vmax using p-nitrophenyl--D-galactopyranoside (PNPG) as substrate were 0.191 mM and 0.73 U, respectively. Results suggest that affinity precipitation is an attractive process for the purification of -galactosidase.

Is the butterfly Tomares ballus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) a potential pest of Lens culinaris (Leguminosae)?

The lentil (Lens culinaris) is identified as a new host plant of the lepidopteran Tomares ballus. Five larvae of T. ballus were found on 19 May, 2007 in a crop of "castellana" lentils in Toledo Province, Spain and reared in the laboratory. The larval brown spiracles are slightly darker than the rest of the pupa. Traditional cultural practices reduce the insect’s probability of completing its life-cycle. We present flight phenology data for T. ballus from the unedited Atlamar database (1 073 records from 1887 to 2003), based on the 438 records for which the year, month and day are known. This period coincides with the flowering and formation of the legumes of various species of leguminosae, such as lentils. The peak activity of the imagos occurs in the second half of March and the first half of April, and the last larvae must be present in the field until the beginning of June. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 623-634. Epub 2009 September 30.

La lenteja (Lens culinaris) es una nueva planta hospedera de la mariposa Tomares ballus. Hallamos cinco larvas el 19 de mayo de 2007 en un cultivo de lentejas de la variedad "castellana" en la provincia de Toledo, España y las criamos en el laboratorio. Los espiráculos, de color marrón, son ligeramente más oscuros que el resto de la pupa. Las prácticas culturales tradicionales reducen al insecto la probabilidad de completar su ciclo de vida. Se presenta la fenología de datos de vuelo para T. ballus a partir de la base de datos Atlamar (1 073 registros de 1887 a 2003), sobre la base de los 438 registros en que se conocen año, mes y día. Este período coincide con la floración de diversas especies de leguminosas, incluyendo las lentejas. El pico de actividad de los imagos se produce en la segunda quincena de marzo y la primera quincena de abril, y las últimas larvas deben estar presentes en el campo hasta principios de junio.

The studies on early warning of Lens culinaris-reactive alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP-L3) detecting in primary hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the significance of Lens culinaris-reactive alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP-L3) detection in primary hepatocellular carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>AFP-L3 was isolated by using microspin column coupled with lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), AFP and AFP-L3 were detected with chemiluminescent immunoassay, the proportion of AFP L3 levels were calculated, and the relationship between the elevated AFP-L3 (%) levels and benign and malignant liver disease was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were significant differences in positive rate between the patients of HCC, suspected HCC and other liver disease (81.80%, 73.68%, 11.80%, respectively, P < 0.05). Among the undetermined HCC (suspected HCC, liver disease) patients, 12 out of 21 cases of AFP-13 positive were diagnosed to be HCC within 6 months, and 6 of them were diagnosed to be the single small HCC at the early stage through B-Ultrasonic Diagnosis or CT. Among 62 cases of AFP-L3 negative, 3 cases were diagnosed to be HCC within 6 months and the risk of occurrence of HCC for AFP-L3 positive increased 11.9 times.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>AFP-L3 has no correlation with AFP value, and it can be used as an independent HCC diagnosis factor. The detection of AFP-L3 has a significant implication for the identification of benign or malignant liver disease and the early stage predictive diagnosis of HCC while AFP increases.</p>

Studies on glucose-metabolizing enzymes in cytosolic and bacteroidal fractions of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) nodules.

Nitrogen is exported in the form of ureides or amides from the nodules in pulse crops. In order to understand the carbon metabolism in ureide and amide exporting nodules, activities of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism were compared in cytosolic and bacteroidal fractions of mungbean (ureide exporter) and lentil (amide exporter) nodules during development. Activities of hexokinase, fructokinase, phosphoglucomutase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphohexose isomerase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase were detected in cytosolic fraction of nodules of both the crops during development. Out of these enzymes, specific activity of phosphohexose isomerase was the highest in nodules of both the crops, in comparison with other enzymes. In comparison with mungbean, activities of various enzymes were less in cytosolic fraction of lentil. Activities of hexokinase, fructokinase, phosphoglucomutase were present only in cytosolic fraction of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), however, low activity of these enzymes was also observed in lentil (Lens culinaris L.) bacteroids. Activities of phosphohexose isomerase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase were higher in bacteroids of lentil, as compared to mungbean during early nodule development, but this pattern was reversed with progress of crop development. Higher activities of phosphoglucomutase and fructose-1,6-phosphatase in mungbean cytosolic fraction could lead to increased flow of carbon towards pentose phosphate pathway.

[Evaluation of protein in home-made food made up of rice and lentil]

Evaluation of the quality of food proteins has a great importance from of biological and economical perspectives. That is why, biological, microbiological, chemical and integrated methods have been used and introduced for determining the quality of Proteins. Among exsisting methods, NPR, RNPR and TPD have been suggested as appropriate methods to determine the quality of Proteins. Considering the importance of protein quality in foods, especially in low scale families, this study has been conducted to evaluate the aim the protein quality by the use of the mentioned methods in a sample homemade food based on rice [a variety of Mazandaran rice] -lentil mixture in 2007. This experimental study was conducted on wistar rats, aged 21 days under 6 diets in 8 groups including case [home made food], standard [Casein+Methionine] and basal [Protein free] to determine NPR and RNPR and other 3 diets [case, standard and basal] to study TPD. Duration of study for NPR was 14 days. Protein intake and increase in weight were determined to calculate NPR. Duration of study for TPD was 9 days. The amounts of nitrogen intake and fecal nitrogen were determined to calculate TPD. NPR, RNPR and TPD of the group Casein+Methionine with homemade food was analyzed by t- test. NPR values for casein + methionine protein of home-made food were 4.3 +/- 0.4 and 3.6 +/- 0.6, respectively [P=0.02]. TPD values were 92.8 +/- 4 and 75.8 +/- 5.8 [P<0.0001], for Casein+Methionine and home made food proteins, respectively. Also, RNPR was 83.6% and homemade food / Casein TPD was 81.6. Findings showed that homemade food TPD and NPR based on rice-lentil mixture is lower than Casein

Using some industrial and agricultural wastes for the production of animal feed through biotechnology

During this activity, tomato pomace as food industrial waste beside two agricultural wastes dry olive wastes [branches and leaves] and lentil straw as well as combination mixtures of them in a ratio of 1:1 were me starting materials of the current work. After chemical evaluation of the previous wastes, they were subjected to fungal treatment using a strain of white rot fungi [Pleuroteus ostreatus] [10% based on dry weight]. The obtained data revealed an increase in protein content ranged 30- 40% as well as an appearent decrease in lignocellulosic materials [lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose], a fact that is considered to be a promising screen of the use of these treated wastes as applied and useful non traditional feed stuffs. These results were confirmed by in-vitro digestibility determination

Results of Silicone Oil Endotamponade and Analysis of Its Prognostic Factors

PURPOSE: Combined with vitreoretinal surgery, silicone oil endotamponade has become a standard technique and improved the prognosis of complex retinal diseases. To improve success rate of silicone oil endotamponade, the authors analysed complications and associated with other variables. METHODS: The authors analysed 90 cases of silicone oil endotamponade (102 eyes), all operated by one surgeon from 1995 to 2000 and followed-up over 6 months. The series consisted of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (48 eyes), complex retinal detachment (33 eyes), proliferative vitreoretinpathy (11 eyes) and ocular trauma (10 eyes). Analysed variables were preoperative visual acuity, rubeosis iridis, nuber of operations, duration of tamponade, emulsification of silicone oil, lentile status, anterior proliferative vitreoretinpathy, keratopathy, change of ocular tension, redetachment, macular degeneration and electroretinogram. RESULTS: Anatomic success was achieved in 95 of 102 eyes (93.1%) and functional success was achieved in 66 eyes (64.7%). Change of ocular tension over 10mmHg, anterior proliferative vitreoretinpathy and anatomical failure were statistically significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Silicone oil endotamponade is an effective measure for complex retinal diseases, but its complication has always been an issue. If these complications can well be kept under the control, silicone oil endotamponade will become more widely used surgical modality.

Binding of Lectins to the Zona Pellucida on Sperm-oocytes Interaction in the Pig / 대한불임학회지

OBJECTIVE: Lectins are cell-agglutinating and sugar specific proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune origin that precipitate glycoconjugates having saccharides of appropriate complementarity. Because of these properties, plant lectins have been used to help characterize the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins in the zona pellucida (ZP) of several mammalian species including pigs. Treatment of oocytes with various lectins blocks sperm binding to the ZP in various mammalian species. This study was undertaken to examine the distribution of sugar residues in the ZP of pig oocytes matured in vitro and the ability of spermatozoa to bind to ZP and in vitro penetration in oocytes treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled lectins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lectins of Banderiaea simplicifolia (BS-II, bind to beta-D-Nacetylglucosamine), Canavalin ensiformis (Con A, bind to alpha-D-Mannose), Lens culinaris (LCA, bind to alpha-D-Mannose), Ricinus communis (RCA-I, bind to beta-D-Galactose) and Ulex europaeus (UEA-I, bind to alpha-L-Fucose) were examined for spermatozoa penetration, binding capacity to ZP and distribution of lectins. RESULTS: The penetration rates were significantry (p<0.05) higher in control oocytes (63%) than those treated with all lectins, but penetration rates (40~49%) were simililar in group treated with lectins. The incidence of monospermy was similar in oocytes untreated and UEA-I, but it was higher in oocytes treated with BS-II, Con A, RCA-I and LCA. The porcine oocytes cultured for 48 h in TC-199 medium were freed from cumulus cells and treated for 30 min with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled lectins. When examined under fluorescein illumination, higher (p<0.001) proportions of oocytes showed fluorescein of zona pellucida after treatment with Con A (93%), LCA (93%) and RCA-I (100%) than BS-II (37%) and UEA-I (50%). All of the oocytes treated with RCA-I exhibited strong fluorescein in the outer region of the zona pellucida while those treated with LCA exhibited strong fluorescein throughout the zona pellucida. BS-II bounded mainly to the outer region and UEA-I bounded mainly to the inner region of the zona pellucida, with either strong or weak fluorescein. At 120 min after insemination in vitro, fewer spermatozoa were bound to the zona pellucida of the oocytes treated with BS-II, Con-A and RCA-I. Of the lectins, Con A most inhibited sperm binding. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that beta-D-Galactose residues in the porcine zona pellucida may act as primary sperm receptors and inducers of the sperm acrosome reaction and these sugar residues may be involved in the block to polyspermy.